Latest Updates

Acute Liver Failure

Constantine J Karvellas, MD, SM, FRCPC, R. Todd Stravitz, MD, FACP, FACG, FAASLD
    • Improved intensive care management of patients with acute liver failure (ALF) has decreased the incidence of cerebral edema/intracranial hypertension
    • High-volume plasma exchange improves overall survival in patients with ALF
    • Improved understanding of the abnormalities of global hemostasis in patients with ALF
    • Improved sanitation and mass vaccination has decreased the incidence of ALF due to hepatotrophic viruses

Acute Liver Failure

Constantine J Karvellas, MD, SM, FRCPC, R. Todd Stravitz, MD, FACP, FACG, FAASLD
    • Improved intensive care management of patients with acute liver failure (ALF) has decreased the incidence of cerebral edema/intracranial hypertension
    • High-volume plasma exchange improves overall survival in patients with ALF
    • Improved understanding of the abnormalities of global hemostasis in patients with ALF
    • Improved sanitation and mass vaccination has decreased the incidence of ALF due to hepatotrophic viruses

Acute Liver Failure

Constantine J Karvellas, MD, SM, FRCPC, R. Todd Stravitz, MD, FACP, FACG, FAASLD
    • Improved intensive care management of patients with acute liver failure (ALF) has decreased the incidence of cerebral edema/intracranial hypertension
    • High-volume plasma exchange improves overall survival in patients with ALF
    • Improved understanding of the abnormalities of global hemostasis in patients with ALF
    • Improved sanitation and mass vaccination has decreased the incidence of ALF due to hepatotrophic viruses

Venous Thromboembolism

    • Updating consensus guideline recommendations up to January 2016      
    • Adding a duplex scan image showing a deep vein thrombosis (DVT) in the diagnosis section
    • Adding a computed tomographic (CT) scan showing a pulmonary embolism (PE)
    • Showing the various types of approved inferior vena cava filters
    • Adding five separate flow-chart figures depicting a stepwise management algorithm for the evaluation and treatment of DVT and PE
    • Adding a section on catheter-associated upper extremity thrombosis
    • Adding a section on extended prophylaxis, the use of non–vitamin K antagonists, updates on stockings
    • Writing five new multiple-choice questions based on the review

Noncandidal Fungal Infections

    • Members of the European Organisation for Research and Treatment of Cancer–Invasive Fungal Infection Cooperative Group and National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases Mycoses Study Group formed a consensus committee to develop standard definitions for invasive fungal infections for clinical research.
    • The development of standardized methodology for antifungal susceptibility testing is another recent advance in the laboratory evaluation of Aspergillus species. Although azole resistance by Aspergillus species is unusual, patients exposed chronically to antifungal triazoles have been reported to have refractory infection caused by isolates with elevated minimum inhibitory concentrations.
    • Fusarium and Scedosporium species are increasingly common causes of infections in surgical patients, especially in recipients of stem cell or organ transplants.

Cardiac Arrhythmias, Acute Coronary Syndromes, and Heart Failure in the Surgical Patient

    • To recognize and treat important cardiac arrhythmias in the surgical patient using the latest advances
    • Most up to date guidelines in management of Acute Coronary Syndrome (ACS) in Surgical Patients
    • Recent progress in management ofheart failure in postoperative and traumatic patients

Cardiac System

    • Contemporary understanding of ventricular mechanics with identification of the structure and function of the ventricular myocardial band
    • Detailed description of the anatomic proximity of cardiac structures and how knowledge of this proximity helps prevent intraoperative complications and damage to critical cardiac structures
    • Comprehensive description of aortic root anatomy and mechanics and application of how this anatomy dictates performance of transcatheter aortic valve replacement  

Injuries to the Upper Urogenital Tract

    • Most grade III and IV injuries, including those with devitalized parenchymal fragments and urinary extravasation, are managed nonoperatively
    • Angioembolization of persistent or delayed kidney bleeding (pseudoaneurysm) obviates the need for exploration in a majority of cases
    • A high index of suspicion is necessary to diagnose a ureteral injury to prevent late complications such as urinoma, sepsis, and nephrectomy
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