Injuries to the Upper Urogenital Tract
- Most grade III and IV injuries, including those with devitalized parenchymal fragments and urinary extravasation, are managed nonoperatively
- Angioembolization of persistent or delayed kidney bleeding (pseudoaneurysm) obviates the need for exploration in a majority of cases
- A high index of suspicion is necessary to diagnose a ureteral injury to prevent late complications such as urinoma, sepsis, and nephrectomy