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Iatrogenic Withdrawal Syndromes in Children: A Review of Sedative and Analgesic Weaning

    • Many iatrogenic withdrawal syndromes have been identified, the most common of which is opioid or benzodiazepine withdrawal. Generally speaking, the approach to treating opioid and/or benzodiazepine withdrawal is to provide enough medication to saturate target receptors, followed by a period of gradual dose reduction to allow the body to return to a state of homeostasis.
    • The Neonatal Abstinence Score (NAS) was designed to assess withdrawal symptoms in infants with multiple drug exposure during pregnancy. Because the NAS was validated in infants, it is not applicable in older children with iatrogenic withdrawal. In recent years, withdrawal assessment tools for pediatrics have been developed for iatrogenic withdrawal to provide an objective assessment of withdrawal.
    • There have been no randomized clinical trials that have compared the efficacy of various weaning strategies. However, a recent multicenter clinical trial, named the RESTORE trial, examined the effects of a standardized sedation protocol in pediatric intensive care units.

Management of Drug Interactions between Anti-infectives and Common Anesthetics

    • Rocuronium-induced neuromuscular blockade is potentiated by a synergistic effect of gentamicin and clindamycin, which may delay recovery.
    • Penicillins form a complex with sugammadex, which may interfere with the therapeutically intended sugammadex-rocuronium complex.
    • Ondansetron can decrease the analgesic efficacy of acetaminophen at high doses.
    • Anesthesiologists are positioned to manage interactions between anesthetic agents and antimicrobials in the operating room.

Cardiac Arrhythmias, Acute Coronary Syndromes, and Heart Failure in the Surgical Patient

    • To recognize and treat important cardiac arrhythmias in the surgical patient using the latest advances
    • Most up to date guidelines in management of Acute Coronary Syndrome (ACS) in Surgical Patients
    • Recent progress in management ofheart failure in postoperative and traumatic patients

Cardiac Arrhythmias, Acute Coronary Syndromes, and Heart Failure in the Surgical Patient

    • To recognize and treat important cardiac arrhythmias in the surgical patient using the latest advances
    • Most up to date guidelines in management of Acute Coronary Syndrome (ACS) in Surgical Patients
    • Recent progress in management ofheart failure in postoperative and traumatic patients

Management of Drug Interactions between Anti-infectives and Common Anesthetics

    • Rocuronium-induced neuromuscular blockade is potentiated by a synergistic effect of gentamicin and clindamycin, which may delay recovery.
    • Penicillins form a complex with sugammadex, which may interfere with the therapeutically intended sugammadex-rocuronium complex.
    • Ondansetron can decrease the analgesic efficacy of acetaminophen at high doses.
    • Anesthesiologists are positioned to manage interactions between anesthetic agents and antimicrobials in the operating room.

Macrovascular Complications of Diabetes Mellitus

    Macrovascular Complications of Diabetes Mellitus

      Microvascular Complications of Diabetes Mellitus

        • Nonmydriatic fundus cameras with digital transmission enable efficient, remote retinopathy screening supervised by ophthalmologists.
        • Two-step approach: significant lesions in digital retinal photographs prompt full ophthalmologist examinations.
        • Cost-saving strategy for retinopathy screening, particularly beneficial in remote areas.
        • Newer drugs (SGTLT 2 inhibitors, GLP-1 agonists, MR antagonists) offer added cardiovascular and renal benefits in diabetes.
        • Chronic complications in diabetes require specialized management and consultation with appropriate specialists.
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