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Amputations on the foot require normal or near-normal arterial supply to heal.
Pulsatile flow into the deep femoral artery is typically adequate to heal a below-the-knee amputation.
Prosthetic limb rehabilitation is more likely in case of below-the-knee amputation than above-the-knee amputation.
Above-the-knee amputation is preferred in nonfunctional extremities.

The currently FDA-approved antipsychotics can be divided into two classes: typical antipsychotics and atypical antipsychotics.
Antipsychotics are used to treat a variety of psychiatric disorders.
Typical antipsychotics are effective for the treatment of positive symptoms, whereas atypical antipsychotics also have an effect on the negative symptoms of schizophrenia.
The typical antipsychotics are generally associated more with the side effects of the extrapyramidal movement, whereas the atypical antipsychotics have a higher risk for metabolic adverse effects.
Decreasing adverse effects and improving adherence are the goals of treatment with antipsychotic medications.

Hydrochlorothiazide is not beneficial in treating ICU-acquired hypernatremia
Hypernatremia after hypertonic saline irrigation is rare, but might cause severe complications
Hypercalcemia induces targeted autophagic degradation of aquaporin-2 at the onset of nephrogenic diabetes insipidus
Hypernatremia identified as new predictor of worse clinical outcomes after percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy placement

Hydrochlorothiazide is not beneficial in treating ICU-acquired hypernatremia
Hypernatremia after hypertonic saline irrigation is rare, but might cause severe complications
Hypercalcemia induces targeted autophagic degradation of aquaporin-2 at the onset of nephrogenic diabetes insipidus
Hypernatremia identified as new predictor of worse clinical outcomes after percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy placement

The MSLT is essential in documenting pathologic sleepiness (e.g., sleep-onset latency of less than 8 minutes) and in diagnosing narcolepsy. The presence of two sleep-onset REMs on four or five nap studies and sleep-onset latency of less than 8 minutes strongly suggests a diagnosis of narcolepsy in the context of an appropriate history.
RLS is a lifelong sensorimotor neurologic disorder with a severe impact on sleep and quality of life that may begin at any age. RLS is most severe in middle-aged or elderly persons, in whom it has a chronic, progressive course. The overall prevalence of RLS for the adult population has been estimated to be about 7.2%, particularly in those of European descent, but the prevalence of the most severe cases (severe symptoms occurring at least two nights a week) is approximately 2.7%
For transient insomnia or insomnia of short duration, treatment with sedative-hypnotics (e.g., zolpidem, zolpidem extended release, zolpidem tartrate sublingual tablets, zaleplon, eszopiclone, or low-dose doxepin) or short- or intermediate-acting benzodiazepines (e.g., temazepam), as well as ramelteon, a melatonin receptor (MT₁ and MT₃) agonist, for a few nights to a few weeks is appropriate.

Hydrochlorothiazide is not beneficial in treating ICU-acquired hypernatremia
Hypernatremia after hypertonic saline irrigation is rare, but might cause severe complications
Hypercalcemia induces targeted autophagic degradation of aquaporin-2 at the onset of nephrogenic diabetes insipidus
Hypernatremia identified as new predictor of worse clinical outcomes after percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy placement

Today, most experts in interventional pain management recommend an evidence-based stepladder approach for the management of all patients with PHN that includes an advancing combination of therapeutic strategies as needed on a graduated basis to control pain and anxiety and prevent complications, including suicide.
The most important immunologic risk factor for herpes zoster and PHN is the decline in cell-mediated immunity to VZV that occurs over time as people age, with an onset around 50 years of age. Although possible, second episodes of zoster are uncommon due to the boosting or anamnestic effect of the first episode of zoster.
The nonpharmacologic treatment options for PHN include combinations of acupuncture, cryotherapy, heat therapy, and transcutaneous and/or percutaneous electrical nerve stimulation. The multimodal nonpharmacologic treatment options for PHN are stratified and compared by their evidence levels.

Disorders of water and sodium balance are among the most common in the clinical setting and require a clear understanding of osmolality.
Hyponatremia is defined as plasma sodium concentration falling below 135 mEq/L.
Acute hyponatremia has been associated with postoperative complications, oxytocin infusions, cyclophosphamide infusions, exercise, and water intoxication (eg, methylenedioxymethamphetamine).
Chronic hyponatremia can be found in hypovolemic (eg, diarrhea, diuretics, hypoaldosteronism), euvolemic (eg, SIADH, AIDS, hypothyroidism), and hypervolemic states (eg, renal failure, cirrhosis).

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